(I can’t blog about my internship so instead) A defense of Lois Lane
“Why did the film industry pick Los Angeles?” My manager asks.
I almost trip trying to keep up. “Sunlight hours?” I guess, half-running.
“Well, yes,” he says. “But also this—” he waves vaguely to the sky, “the mountains, the beaches, the backdrop.” We pass a street of studios, farther from the news building. I think it’s strange because so many backdrops are constructed on studio lots regardless.
Those backdrops are seen on the Universal Studio Tour. Since 1964, the “behind the scenes” tram ride is considered the park’s signature attraction. Over the years, the ride has been redesigned again and again, a careful rendering of how the studio wants to portray itself—even on the “inside.” On the last week of my internship, the photographer who I was driving back offered a tour. I got to see a different area of the park and we passed some of the sets seen on the Universal Studio Tour, even a tram midway through its ride. It’s an interesting view from a news van to see a tram of parkgoers, inside the park, looking at the company’s own portrayal of itself.
It is the equivalent of media looking at itself in a mirror within a mirror.
But one of the stranger reflections of the media industry on itself is its portrayal of journalists. There is no limit to Hollywood’s fascination with its sibling counterpart. Portrayals of journalists are found in The Newsroom (2012), The Post (2017), Drop the Dead Donkey (1990s?), Spotlight (2015), Morning Glory (2010), All the President’s Men (1976). But among those portrayals is a propensity for superhero-related narratives. This is seen in Iron Man (2008), Venom (2018), The Dark Knight (2008), Sam Raimi’s Spider-man trilogy, and every Superman —to name a few. On the smaller screen, journalists keep appearing in Daredevil (2015), The Flash (2014), The Arrow (2012), Supergirl (2015), Jessica Jones (2015), Iron Fist (2017), The Defenders (2017), The Punisher (2017), etc. In these fictional universes, journalists make for common company.
The first work I did in the field this summer was accompanying my manager to E3, or the Electronic Entertainment Expo. The expo itself is a trade event for video games, but as I was walking the convention floor, I couldn’t help but notice the displays for Avengers, Spiderman, Deadpool, Marvel, merchandising for figurines, and Pop! superhero characters. We interviewed Victor Lucas, from the Electronic Playground Network, who mentioned the importance of storytelling in the video game industry. Displayed between Facebook and Ubisoft, the superhero sphere had grown far beyond the comic book pages.
It is important, then, to look at the cast of characters in superhero storytelling.
In these fictional, superhero universes, characters in consulting, real estate, or marketing are seemingly less common than those in journalism. This is in contrast to my own reality, where nearly all my hometown friends are going into CS or finance. My college friends, for some variety, are interested in plastic surgery, pharmaceutical work, and public relations.
I do not grasp why journalists are so popularly featured in these Hollywood, blockbuster narratives—especially since so many of those film studios fall under the same companies as news media. (ABC News is under Disney, NBC under NBCUniversal, CNN under Turner/Warner Bros, etc.) It’s like constantly talking about a distant cousin, who generally ignores you because they’re trying to tell people about real-life emergencies.
Moreover, it’s like telling stories about your cousin doing things that they definitely do not do—such as having x-ray vision or shooting webs from their wrists. Because according to these fictional universes, newsrooms are a breeding ground for superheroes. The Daily Planet, CatCo, New York Bulletin, Daily Bugle, Central City Citizen, and Gotham Gazette are institutions that superheroes are often forced to reckon with, but are also often involved with (i.e. Clark Kent, Peter Parker, Kara Danvers).
Portrayals of journalism in pop-culture glaze over the ethical problems it creates and poses to its characters. I’ve worked with fascinating people in journalism. I’ve never seen people love a car-chase more, but I’ve also never seen people care less about the former vice president of the United States standing in front of them in a tamale restaurant. They are wildly interesting, but also strictly ethical when it comes to their work—a problem the superhero universe struggles with as Daniel Snyder, writer for The Atlantic, breaks down here in 932 words.
But on the topic of former vice presidents in tamale restaurants, I got to see Joe Biden, and here is some footage I took. (If you think that transition is strange, I will refer you to the parenthetical title of this post—I’m working within limits here.)
The problems in media’s fictional portrayal of journalists extend to non-super characters as well. Series writer Tom King admitted, “The ethics of Lois keeping Superman’s identity secret I’m sure have been the subject of debate in journalism schools for 75 years.”
But Lois Lane, reporter for the Daily Planet and girlfriend of Clark Kent, also reveals another facet of how journalism is shown in superhero stories: It is a popular place for women in these universes.
Among the roster: Lois Lane, Iris West-Allen, Cat Grant, April O’Neil, Sally Floyd, Vickie Vale, Lana Lang, Jane Arden, Jessica Jones, Karen Page, etc. Based on these superhero universes, one might believe journalism is a popular career choice for women. However, it is far less popular in our own reality. Women, although accounting for 65.4% of bachelor’s degrees in journalism and mass communication, only make up 41.7% of the workforce in newsrooms. This is reflected in print, where men continue to dominate the broadsheet with 59% of articles and only 41% by women. Wire services, AP and Reuters—whose articles are repeatedly shared in newsrooms across the country—are at the center of the biggest gender gap in the news industry, with 69% of their bylines going to men and only 31% to women. Broadcast news doesn’t fare much better. Prime-time anchors and correspondents have a male-to-female ratio of 63% to 37%.
It’s a reality that I’m also aware of as I wait outside Vector 90—a creative work hub, founded in part by LA legend Nipsey Hussle. I’m in a crowd of reporters and photographers, trying to cover presidential candidate and Mayor of South Bend, Indiana, Pete Buttigieg. (Here are some clips that I took.)
Standing among 20+ reporters/photographers, I’m aware that I’m one of three women present—the other two are from CNN and Spectrum. My manager is male and every photographer I’ve worked in the field with has also been a man. To be fair, we might argue, the tides are changing. Among interns–most of whom stay in the newsroom–more than half of us are female. But the absence of women in the field is a surprise I didn’t expect to see in 2019.
This makes it all more important for us to consider Lois Lane, female reporter in 1938.
Lois was introduced as a reporter for the Daily Planet in the late 1930s and has outlasted many romantic interests in the DC canon. Writers Jerry Siegel and Joel Shuster were inspired, in part, by Nellie Bly, a pioneer of investigative journalism. Keep in mind: In 2013, Suzanne Franks wrote about “enduring stereotypes; women predominate […] lifestyle pages but do not feature much in crime or sport.” In 1880, those beliefs were also alive with Bly being assigned flower shows and fashion. Instead, Bly chose to write about government corruption in Mexico, labor laws, women’s suffrage, mental health, and World War I. She even made history for traveling around the world in 72 days, in emulation of Jules Verne’s novel.
But Lois—the de facto mother of the DC Universe—has been a reflection of the best and worst ways that women journalists have been portrayed on-screen. Over the years, at least seven actresses have portrayed Lois Lane—most recently Amy Adams. But the list includes Noel Neill, Phyllis Coates, Margot Kidder, Teri Hatcher, Erica Durance, and Kate Bosworth.[12] Hollywood actresses are always beautiful, but Lois’ character has never been defined by beauty. She is, first and foremost, a reporter. Siegel said that Lois was, “of course, a working girl whose priority was grabbing scoops.”[13]
This central tenant is a pro and con in how women journalists are shown on-screen. Marin Coogan, writer for the New York Magazine, addresses Hollywood’s tendency to sexualize women journalists as “slutty ambition monsters.”[14] This is shown in House of Cards where female reporter Janine Skorsky brags about her willingness to “suck, screw, and jerk anything that moved just to get a story.”[15]
Lois is undoubtedly on the roster of Hollywood’s overly-sexualized female reporters. But she is also one of the most enduring and metamorphosed characters in the DC canon since being introduced over 80 years ago. Sara Century writes for SyFy, “in this way, Lois Lane is unique among Superman’s cast of characters,” comparing her to Jimmy Olsen and others who have remained “almost exactly the same for decades […] similar to their original incarnations with very few deviations.”[16] This change is seen in Lois’ 1950s series, “Superman’s Girl Friend Lois Lane,” which began with her attempts to trick Superman into marriage; but by the 1970s, it became a reflection of the women’s liberation movement.[17] Tim Hanley describes this change under female editor Dorothy Woolfolk:
Lois’s internal monologues demonstrated both the maturity of her actions and the feminist motivations behind them. This wasn’t a Silver Age tiff in which Lois was upset about an asinine perceived slight, nor would a superkiss fix the problem. She still loved Superman, but she realized that he was holding her back. She didn’t want to be a damsel in distress whom he protected anymore; she wanted to be her own, independent woman.
Tim Hanley, “Lois Lane’s Feminist Revolution,” The Atlantic, March 13, 2016.
And Lois has endured over time. Just this summer, she got a new comic series of her own. It is worth noting that unlike Superman’s consistent black hair and square jaw, Lois has been chameleon-like in her speech, hair, and romantic views. But her work in journalism has been a singular constant. The job of ‘journalist’ in the superhero universe is too often quashed into a one-dimensional title. Venom (2018) uses journalism for its protagonist Eddie Brock as “window dressing, a superficial character trait that services the plot.”[18] But for Lois, being a journalist is her defining and persistent character trait.
Furthermore, the broad canon acknowledges at least one, if not two, Pulitzer Prizes in Lois’ portfolio.[19] Although we are not told what her Pulitzers are for, it reminds us that Lois reports on issues that are not always about Superman. She covers him because he’s part of the news, but her job does not revolve around Superman alone. Yes, her boyfriend is the more popular figure fighting for justice—he leads the so-titled Justice League, after all. But Lois is fighting for justice as well—as a human, on the ground, in the field, as a reporter.
My introduction to Lois Lane is from Superman (1978). My parents have a soft spot for Christopher Reeves, but I believe the real standout is Margot Kidder. Kidder’s Lois is introduced in the newsroom where she brushes past Clark, mid-argument with her editor. Her editor reassigns her beat to Clark stating, “[Clark] knows how to treat his editor-in-chief with proper respect,” chastising Lois for her own aggressiveness.[20] But Lois doesn’t blink. She just shoves her way back into the editor’s office after he shoves her out. (You can watch the scene here.) There is no attempt for a meet-cute or romantic, prolonged gaze. She is not there to make Clark look good; she’s there because she’s a reporter at work. In her first lines on screen, she’s talking about a murder case, a rapist, and city crime. She’s bold, assertive, persistent, and snarky. There is a running gag that she’s bad at spelling, but she’s had a job before Superman arrived in her life and you can be damn sure she will have one after him.
More recently, another female journalist has graced the superhero world. Iris West-Allen is a main character in the 2014 TV series The Flash, one of the recent superhero stories on the small-screen. When Iris is introduced in 2014, she’s “relatable.” In her first on-screen minutes, she talks about food, dropping a date, and graduating. But she also falls victim to the “Layman’s Terms” trope—asking our protagonist, Barry Allen aka the Flash, to re-explain something he says. It’s an overused trope that only serves to make Barry look good and assumes that we, the viewers, and Iris are morons.
Barry: Harrison Wells’ work in quantum theory is light years ahead of anything they are doing in CERN. Iris: You’re doing that thing where you are not speaking English.[21]
My expertise consists of one course in physics for my college GEs and a Netflix documentary, but I still understood what Barry was saying. If modern incarnations of Lois Lane portray her as “the smartest person in the room,” then 2014’s Iris West is sorely undercut in that regard. [22]
Iris’ career as a journalist faces becoming window dressing like Eddie Brock’s in Venom (2018). But Iris isn’t even a superhero like Eddie. This fall, The Flash will be on Season 6 and we’ve seen Iris as a friend, daughter, sister, girlfriend, wife, even mother—but barely as a journalist.
Instead, her role has centered almost entirely on her relationship with Barry/the Flash. We’ve briefly seen her as a blogger, writing about the Flash, and previously at the Central City Picture News, where she was hired due to her connection with, once again, the Flash. Her work continued to be about the Flash, until she quit to become leader of—you guessed it—Team Flash. The actress Candice Patton acknowledges this, stating, “It’s never enough for me, personally as an actress […] I think it’s really important for us to see women doing their jobs – not just being a love interest.”[23] Patton has continued to push for a more active portrayal of Iris as a journalist, but the current incarnation of her character’s as solely a romantic interest becomes the hamartia of Iris’ independence—both as a female character and as a female journalist.
Journalism aspires to 1.) be an unbiased watchdog of those in power, 2.) provide a platform of public debate, and 3.) provide information to the public. Iris’ affiliation as ex-leader of Team Flash becomes a barrier to her ability to be an independent voice. It becomes more concerning when her entire journalistic background and credibility relies on her reporting on the Flash. This is something that is still not addressed when her character quits Team Flash to return to her blog, titled—and I kid you not—“Saved By The Flash.”
In terms of blogging/journalism, James Whitbrook from Gizmodo pans it as “comically, awfully, ‘has anyone writing the show ever seen a blog before’ bad” and actually breaks down Iris’ blog here.[24] But beyond the moral dilemma of reporting-about-someone-you-know that every journalist seems to face in the superhero universe, Iris’ life and career entirely revolves around Barry Allen. (He’s cute, but he’s not worth that much energy, girl.)
For comparison: Karen Page, played by Deborah Ann Woll in the 2015 TV series Daredevil. Karen is a journalist for New York Bulletin but, “despite writing sympathetic op-eds […] attempted to distance herself from both Matt and Daredevil.”[25] Admittedly, Karen is a deeply flawed character, but she seems to understand—at least to some measure—that their male romantic interest might not be worth the trouble of building an entire career around.
The current incarnation of on-screen Karen Page appears in Daredevil, The Punisher, and The Defenders. On one hand, Karen inspires a sense of that woman-journalist-can-do-attitude that Samantha Puc, pop-culture writer for The Tempest, dedicates her own career to.[26] In the first 12 episodes, Karen is framed for murder, kidnapped, and caught in an attack at least four times, but it is nothing compared to her comic series counterpart who is kidnapped so frequently and described as “comically miserable” that the TV show has to work overtime to subvert the damsel-in-distress trope.[28] Karen might not fit the “strong female character” idealization, but her character has agency and a life outside of her sometimes boyfriend, Daredevil/Charlie Cox.
On the other hand, Karen’s journalism is the embodiment of “a manic pixie dream career devoid of resumes.”[27] She’s an inexperienced, blond, white woman who quite literally replaces a Ben Urich, a black journalist who built a long career in a white-dominated industry. There are articles that pan Karen’s writing, and Karen’s portrayal as a journalist seems to suggest that her career is unbacked by anything other than her own unluckiness of constantly being attacked. In an interview, Woll tries to explain how Karen seemingly becomes the center of her own journalistic career:
INTERVIEWER: One of the chestnuts of being a journalist is “Don’t become the story,” but so much happens to Karen, do you think she’s ever worried? WOLL: It’s almost like unwittingly I do it on purpose? Because I don’t want to let it go. It’s like, ‘You can’t do the story, it’s my story. I’m the only one who can …’ [29]
Honestly, I don’t blame Karen for getting into trouble. I don’t fault her for running into danger, and it’s a reality that a journalist is killed every five days. [30] But Karen’s portrayal as a reporter continues to suggest that journalism is a career of chance and luck rather than experience and skills. Just being unlucky might make for a good story, but it doesn’t necessarily make for a good reporter. In these fictional universes, superheroes often originate from a random stroke of luck—e.g. Peter Parker being bitten by a spider, Barry Allen being struck by lightning. But journalists exist outside of these fictional universes as well, and the reality is that working in news takes more than being in the right place at the right time—it takes conscious effort, time, and energy.
Yes, journalism can be dangerous and people—parents, professors, editors—keep taking the time to remind me of that. The truth is that, as I arrive at work in the newsroom, I never feel in danger. But I’m also aware of what allows me to feel that way. In the morning, I greet Harry, who handles the street crossing—“Take a shortcut,” he says, giving me a high five—“Let her through!” he yells at the other guard. When I arrive at the building, I chat with Arnie—the morning security guard. Arnie is from Sacramento and considers me a fellow NorCal person. “That’s why you’re cool,” he said to me. Two other security guards—Guido who works the afternoon shift, and Alex in the evening—used to work in Burbank before the company moved to L.A. Steve works in the breezeway parking, so I see him every Friday. Cameo does rounds in the newsroom, so I see her at least once before lunch. Security guards are staples of consistency in the newsroom. Everything else moves.
Security is not only a fact of working at Universal Studios, but also of working in a newsroom. In June, my manager interviewed David Drier, chairman of Tribune Publishing, about his proposal for a fallen journalist memorial .[32] Tribune is the parent company of Capital Gazette, site of the 2018 shooting. Five dead, two wounded—one of several incidents that prompted the U.S. to be named one of the deadliest countries for journalists.[33] In 2018, the shooting was followed by mail bombs at CNN, a man allegedly calling and threatening to kill employees of the Boston Globe, and an attempted break into WTTG.[34] Over the summer, one of my friends interning at USA Today, was evacuated from the offices after a mistaken report of a gunman in the building.[35]
Women face additional safety concerns. Coogan notes that the over-sexualization of female reporters in Hollywood’s portrayal carries over to reality where “expectation that women reporters behave like their movie-character counterparts […] can make reporting while female into a psychosexual ordeal.”[36] Female journalists face constant threats, sexual and otherwise. It’s a reality that Anne Helen Petersen, editor at Buzzfeed, confronts, stating: “Abuse and menace have become a way of life for women in journalism.”[37] Online, female journalists face three times as much abuse as their male counterparts.[38] Freelance writer for Vox, Katherine Goldstein, interviewed several women who left journalism due to harassment, fear, and threats.[39] This coverage by Petersen and Goldstein remind us these are women having to write about women’s issues. It’s reminiscent of Bly covering women’s suffrage and issues.
I was 17 years old when I began my first reporting internship in San Francisco. I had dropped out of NYU and I was floundering. The internship was unpaid and the transit to work and back was three hours every day. After my first week, I was crying on CalTrain on my way home because I was so frustrated at myself. It was the epitome of my college-career, hoping for things to fit right, but everything feeling off. But I never let it show. From the moment that I buzzed into the building at 9am, to boarding CalTrain at 6pm—I was cheery, I didn’t complain, and I didn’t blink twice at doing something I’d never done before. I faked confidence and I learned on the fly. Two months into my internship, I was constantly exhausted but I was no longer crying on my transit home. I was proud of my work, but I was still afraid that somewhere, deep down, I just ‘didn’t have what it takes.’ On my last day of work, the assistant editor took me aside. “We’ve had a lot of interns before. We’ve had better interviewers, better photographers, better writers—better writers than even me,” the assistant editor told me. “But out of all the interns to walk through our doors, you are fearless.”
It’s been over three years later and I’ve worked at several college publications, World Policy Journal, and NBC Los Angeles. Honestly, I’m still not sure if journalism is where I’m headed for certain, but I’m still trying to live up to that compliment.
Lois Lane is pure fiction, but she also epitomizes bravery worth recognizing. Lois as a female journalist is incredible in her ability to be fearless. She has worked to build a career—not about herself or some romantic interest—but about issues far bigger. NYT Best Seller author Brad Meltzer said of Lois, “Her origins are from strength, and that’s the one thing that runs through the character. They’ll put her in peril, but she always still has some level of strength.”[40]
Lois doesn’t live in a perfect world. Her fictional universe is filled with superpower villains, apocalyptic-level threats, and she’s had her own run-ins with being kidnapped, threatened, almost killed, etc. But for Lois to repeatedly face those dangers, still get up in the morning and dive headfirst into her work again shows a kind of perseverance and selflessness that is a superpower in and of itself. That is a heroism that we can aspire to—even in a world without superheroes.
“She’s smart, brave, fearless. She rushes headfirst into danger […] She’s a character who speaks to all of us just plain human girls and women, a character who tells us we can do or be anything, that we can have it all, no matter how hard the world tries to get in our way.”[41]
Gwenda Bond, “Lois Lane is far more than Superman’s girlfriend,” The Guardian, March 11, 2016.
[1] “The World Famous Studio Tour,” Universal Studios Hollywood, last accessed August 17, 2019. https://www.universalstudioshollywood.com/things-to-do/rides-and-attractions/the-world-famous-studio-tour/?channel=sem&source=gog&campaign=ush&media=paid&category=directresponse:nocal_na:en_all_lang:na_na:b:sl&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI_fPBy8iJ5AIVFKrsCh3INw6sEAAYASABEgLJL_D_BwE
[2] Daniel Snyder, “Peter Parker and Clark Kent: Very Unethical Journalists,” The Atlantic, May 1, 2014. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/05/spider-mans-terrible-journalistic-ethics/361468/
[3] James Grebey, “Is it a bird? Is it a plane? No, it’s a journalism ethics quandry!” Columbia Journalism Review, February 22, 2019. https://www.cjr.org/b-roll/superman-dc-comics-journalism.php
[4] Catherine York, “Women dominate journalism schools, but newsrooms are still a different story,” Poynter, September 18, 2017. https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2017/women-dominate-journalism-schools-but-newsrooms-are-still-a-different-story/; “The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2019,” Women’s Media Center, 2019. https://tools.womensmediacenter.com/page/-/WMCStatusofWomeninUSMedia2019.pdf
[5] “The Status of Women in the U.S. Media 2019.”
[6] Ibid.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Suzanne Franks, “Women & Journalism,” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2013. reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/research/files/Women%2520and%2520Journalism.pdf
[9] Kate Horowitz, “Remembering Nellie Bly,” MentalFloss, May 5, 2019. mentalfloss.com/article/71974/retrobituaries-nellie-bly-rabblerouser-and-pioneer-investigative-journalism
[10] Horowitz; Arlisha Norwood, “Nellie Bly.” National Women’s History Museum, 2017. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/nellie-bly
[11] Norwood.
[12] Grace Gavilanes, “Strong Women Who Played Lois Lane on Screen,” People, May 14, 2018. people.com/movies/celebs-who-played-lois-lane-superman/.
[13] Daniel Bubbeo, The Women of Warner Brothers: The Lives and Careers of 15 Leading Ladies With Filmographies for Each (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1958), 79.
[14] Marin Coogan, “Why Can’t Hollywood Get Female Journalists Right?” New York Magazine: Intelligencer, January 16, 2015. nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/01/hollywood-female-journalists.html?gtm=bottom
[15] Ibid.
[16] Sara Century, “How Lois Lane has reflected our view of empowered women over the years,” SyFy, March 26, 2018. www.syfy.com/syfywire/how-lois-lane-has-reflected-our-view-of-empowered-women-over-the-years
[17] Tim Hanley, “Lois Lane’s Feminist Revolution,” The Atlantic, March 13, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/03/lois-lane-dorothy-woolfolk/472959/
[18] Henry Bevan, “What superhero movies taught me about journalism,” Little White Lies, October 5, 2018. lwlies.com/articles/what-superhero-movies-taught-me-about-journalism/
[19] George Gene Gustines, “Lois Lane Fights for Justice in a New Comic Series,” New York Times, July 2, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/arts/design/lois-lanes-comic-book.html.
[20] Flashback FM, “Clark Kent meets Lois Lane | Superman (1978),” YouTube, April 13, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJvvCSUsZIw.
[21] Ibid.
[22] https://screenrant.com/lois-lane-superman-facts-trivia/
[23] Chancellor Agard, “The Flash’s Candice Patton on the importance of showing Iris as a reporter,” Entertainment Weekly, October 17, 2018. https://ew.com/tv/2018/10/17/the-flash-candice-patton-iris/
[24] James Whitbrook, “Warning: The Flash’s Iris West has started blogging again,” Gizmodo, March 14, 2018. https://io9.gizmodo.com/warning-the-flashs-iris-west-has-started-blogging-agai-1823767683 But there is also a this post by Whitbook: https://io9.gizmodo.com/the-flashs-iris-west-is-the-worst-blogger-ever-1680425461#_ga=2.201142250.512984303.1520344683-394833800.1506524947.
[25] Leah Marielle Thomas, “When did Matt tell Karen he’s Daredevil? Their ‘Daredevil’ Season 3 relationship is more complicated than ever,” Bustle, October 18, 2018. https://www.bustle.com/p/when-did-matt-tell-karen-hes-daredevil-their-daredevil-season-3-relationship-is-more-complicated-than-ever-12269737
[26] Samantha Puc, “I felt totally jaded about my writing career until I started watching this Netflix show,” The Tempest, January 4, 2018. thetempest.co/2018/01/04/entertainment/karen-page-from-daredevil-is-flawed-af-but-she-inspired-me-to-get-back-into-journalism/
[27] Megan Purdy, “No Resume? No Problem for Daredevil’s Karen Page,” Workology, April 4, 2016. https://workology.com/no-resume-no-problem-for-daredevils-karen-page/
[28] Rob Bricken, “The Most Depressing Days In Daredevil’s Preposterously Sad History,” Gizmodo, April 10, 2015. io9.gizmodo.com/the-most-depressing-days-in-daredevil-s-preposterously-1697077920
[29] Vinnie Mancuso, “Deborah Ann Woll, on ‘Daredevil’ Season 3, and Karen Page’s Dark Violent Past,” Collider, October 1, 2018. collider.com/deborah-ann-woll-interview-daredevil-season-3/
[30] “Safety of Journalists,” UNESCO, last accessed August 21, 2019. unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists
[31] Stephanie Dazio, “Union: LA Officer gets typhoid fever, 5 others show symptoms,” AP News, May 30, 2019. https://www.apnews.com/e6c4a34980c549deada4f1f981cedb80
[32] Conan Nolan, “NewsConference: Fallen Journalist Memorial in the Works,” NBC4 News, June 30, 2019. https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/NewsConference_-Fallen-Journalist-Memorial-in-the-Works_Los-Angeles-512026972.html
[33] Laignee Barron, “The U.S. has been named one of the deadliest places in the world for journalists,” Time, December 19, 2018. https://time.com/5483773/us-deadliest-countries-journalists-deaths-2018/
[34] Brian Stelter, “Newsrooms beef up security after a week of threats,” CNN Business, October 26, 2018. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/26/media/newsroom-security-threats/index.html
[35] Tom Vanden Brooks, Kevin Johnson, Ryan W. Miller, “’Everyone is safe,’ USA Today Headquarters Evacuated After Unconfirmed Report of Person With Weapon,” USA Today, August 7, 2019. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/08/07/usa-today-headquarters-evacuated-after-report-man-gun/1944136001/
[36] Coogan.
[37] Anne Helen Petersen, “The cost of reporting while female,” Columbia Journalism Review, Winter 2018. https://www.cjr.org/special_report/reporting-female-harassment-journalism.php
[38] Katherine Goldstein, “When harassment drives women out of Journalism,” Vox, December 18, 2017. https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/18/16780424/women-journalism-career-harassment
[39] Goldstein.
[40] Brian Truitt, “Lois Lane plays important role in 75 years of Superman.” USA Today, June 21, 2013. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2013/06/21/lois-lane-superman-75th-anniversary/2444395/
[41] Gwenda Bond, “Lois lane is far more than Superman’s Girlfriend,” The Guardian, March 11, 2016. www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2016/mar/11/lois-lane-more-than-supermans-girlfriend-gwenda-bond
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